Question 1

Explain what is meant by the term ‘ecological validity’. You may use an example in your answer.

Question 2 (Laney et al. – false memory)

a) Explain whether these items are both open questions, both closed questions, or one of each.

b) Explain what is meant by a ‘critical item’, using the example from Laney et al.

Question 3 (Canli et al. – brain scans and emotions)

a) Explain what is meant by a ‘repeated measures design’. Include an example from Canli et al. in your answer.

b) Explain one strength of using a repeated measures design.

Question 4 (Yamamoto et al. – chimpanzee helping)

a) Explain two ways in which the procedure was standardised in the study.

Question 5

Explain why reliability is important in experiments.

Question 6

Describe the sampling techniques of ‘opportunity sampling’ and ‘volunteer sampling’, using any examples.

Question 7

a) (i)

Suggest two situational variables that could affect Steve’s study.

a) (ii)

Explain how each of the situational variables that you suggested in (a)(i) could be a problem in Steve’s study.

b) (i)

Suggest why the ethical guideline of right to withdraw would be difficult for Steve to follow in his study.

b) (ii)

Suggest why the ethical guideline of privacy would be difficult for Steve to follow in his study.

Question 8

Suggest an objective measure of ‘success at learning a language’ that Leila could use.

Justify your answer. Do not use a self-report rating scale.

Explain how Leila would calculate the median for ‘enjoyment of word puzzles’.

Draw on paper and check mark scheme for 8(c).

Question 9

a) Explain why Inma is using a directional hypothesis in her experiment.

b) Write a null hypothesis for Inma’s experiment.

c) Explain one advantage of using an independent measures design compared to a repeated measures design.

d) Explain how Inma followed one ethical guideline in relation to animals.

Question 10

a) Describe how Dr Clare could conduct an observational study to investigate the behaviour of students in a library at a university.

b) Identify one practical weakness/limitation with the procedure you have described in your answer to part (a) and suggest how your study might be done differently to overcome the problem.

Do not refer to ethics or sampling in your answer.